Solutions to multidimensional poverty: References
[1] United Nations. (2020). Ending Poverty. In Global Issues. https://www.un.org/en/global-issues/ending-poverty (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] United Nations. (2021). Noting 3.6 Billion People Lack Safely Managed Sanitation, Secretary-General Calls for Urgent Investments in Health, Dignity, Marking World Toilet Day. In Meetings Coverage and Press Releases. https://www.un.org/press/en/2021/sgsm21024.doc.htm (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). 1 in 3 People Globally do not Have Access to Safe Drinking Water - UNICEF, WHO. https://www.who.int/news/item/18-06-2019-1-in-3-people-globally-do-not-have-access-to-safe-drinking-water-unicef-who (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] UNICEF. (2021). Preventing a lost decade: Urgent action to reverse the devastating impact of COVID-19 on children and young people. https://www.unicef.org/media/112891/file/UNICEF%2075%20report.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] UNICEF. (2021). Child Poverty. https://www.unicef.org/social-policy/child-poverty (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Out-of-School Children and Youth. http://uis.unesco.org/en/topic/out-school-children-and-youth (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] UNESCO. (2017). 617 million children and adolescents not getting the minimum in reading and math. https://en.unesco.org/news/617-million-children-and-adolescents-not-getting-minimum-reading-and-math (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Sánchez-Páramo et al. (2021). COVID-19 leaves a legacy of rising poverty and widening inequality. In World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/covid-19-leaves-legacy-rising-poverty-and-widening-inequality (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Ibid.
[1] Ibid.
[1] Ibid.
[1] Oxford Poverty and Human Development Index (OPHI). Multidimensional Poverty. https://ophi.org.uk/research/multidimensional-poverty/ (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Ibid.
[1] Oxford Poverty and Human Development Index (OPHI). Global Multidimensional Poverty Index. https://ophi.org.uk/multidimensional-poverty-index/ (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Figure obtained from: Oxford Poverty and Human Development Index (OPHI). Global Multidimensional Poverty Index. https://ophi.org.uk/multidimensional-poverty-index/ (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] World Health Organization (WHO). (2021). Malnutrition. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] American Society of Hematology. Iron-Deficiency Anemia. https://www.hematology.org/education/patients/anemia/iron-deficiency (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Ibid.
[1] World Health Organization (WHO). (2021).
[1] Haddad, L. (2022). Nutrition and Poverty. In Nutrition: A Foundation for Development. https://www.unscn.org/files/Publications/Briefs_on_Nutrition/Brief8_EN.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Glewwe, P. and Jacoby, H. (1993). Delayed primary school enrolment and childhood malnutrition in Ghana, World Bank. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-2665-1
[1] Acharya, Y. et al. (2019).Nutritional status, cognitive achievement, and educational attainment of children aged 8-11 in rural South India. In PLoS One. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223001
[1] Asmare, B. et al. (2018). Nutritional status and correlation with academic performance among primary school children, northwest Ethiopia. In BMC Research Notes. DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3909-1
[1] UNICEF. (2021). Under-five mortality. https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/under-five-mortality/ (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] World Health Organization (WHO). Child mortality and causes of death. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/topic-details/GHO/child-mortality-and-causes-of-death (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Ibid.
[1] Suzuki, E. and Kashiwase, H. (2018). New child and adolescent mortality estimates show remarkable progress, but 17,000 children under 15 still died every day in 2017. In World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-child-and-adolescent-mortality-estimates-show-remarkable-progress-17000-children-under-15-still (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Children: improving survival and well-being. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/children-reducing-mortality (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] UNICEF. (2020). Health Results 2020: Child Health. https://www.unicef.org/media/102646/file/Health-Results-2020-Child-Health.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Ibid.
[1] World Bank. (2021). What is Learning Poverty? https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/education/brief/what-is-learning-poverty (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] One might refer to the concept of “learning poverty”, meaning the inability to read and understand a simple text by the age of 10. For more information see: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/education/brief/what-is-learning-poverty
[1] United States of America Department of Education. (2019). Chronic Absenteeism in the Nation’s Schools. https://www2.ed.gov/datastory/chronicabsenteeism.html#intro (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Ibid.
[1] Thompson, L. (2015). Cooking with gas: How children in the developing world benefit from switching to LPG. https://www.wlpga.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/cooking-with-gas-how-children-in-the-developing-world-benefit-from-switching-to-lpg.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Roberman, J. et al. (2021). Adverse Birth Outcomes Due to Exposure to Household Air Pollution from Unclean Cooking Fuel among Women of Reproductive Age in Nigeria. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020634
[1] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Human Development Report 2007/2008. https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/268/hdr_20072008_en_complete.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves. (2011). Igniting Change: A Strategy for Universal Adoption of Clean Cookstoves and Fuels. https://cleancooking.org/binary-data/RESOURCE/file/000/000/272-1.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Tamire, M. et al. (2018). Socio-Cultural Reasons and Community Perceptions Regarding Indoor Cooking Using Biomass Fuel and Traditional Stoves in Rural Ethiopia: A Qualitative Study. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15092035
[1] McCarron, A. et al. (2020). Solid fuel users’ perceptions of household solid fuel use in low- and middle-income countries: A scoping review. In Environment International. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105991
[1] World Health Organization (WHO). (2019).
[1] United Nations. (2021).
[1] Moore, N. et al. (2020). Effects of Access to Electricity Interventions on Socioeconomic Outcomes in Low- and Middle- Income Countries. Asian Development Bank and International Initiative for Impact Evaluation. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/evaluation-document/515326/files/in242-20.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] International Energy Agency (IEA). (2022). SDG7: Data and Projections. https://www.iea.org/reports/sdg7-data-and-projections (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] World Bank. (2018). Access to Energy is at the Heart of Development. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2018/04/18/access-energy-sustainable-development-goal-7 (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Moore, N. et al. (2020).
[1] Martin, S. and Lorenzen, K. (2016). Livelihood Diversification in Rural Laos. In World Development. 83. DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.01.018.
[1] Kumaraswamy, SK. et al. (2020). Assets matter to poor people, but what do we know about financing assets? https://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/publications/2020_02_WorkingPaper_Assets_Matter.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] National Center for Homeless Education. (2017). In School Every Day: Addressing Chronic Absenteeism Among Students Experiencing Homelessness. https://nche.ed.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/chron-absent.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Institute for Children, Poverty & Homelessness. (2019). Absenteeism Among Homeless Students: Where Housing and School Instability Meet. https://www.icphusa.org/commentary/absenteeism/ (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Stargel, LE. et al. (2022). Children's early school attendance and stability as a mechanism through which homelessness is associated with academic achievement. In Journal of School Psychology. 90. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2021.10.005
[1] Canadian Observatory on Homelessness. Mental Health. https://www.homelesshub.ca/about-homelessness/topics/mental-health (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Ruff Institute of Global Homelessness. Mental Illness. https://ighhub.org/understanding-homelessness/mental-health/mental-illness (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Ruff Institute of Global Homelessness. Housing Affordability & Availability. https://ighhub.org/understanding-homelessness/causes-intersections/housing-affordability-availability (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Ruff Institute of Global Homelessness. Environment & Climate Change. https://ighhub.org/understanding-homelessness/causes-intersections/environment-climate-change (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Climate Reality Project. (2019). Homelessness and the Climate Crisis. https://www.climaterealityproject.org/blog/homelessness-and-climate-crisis (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Kidd, SA. et al. (2021). The climate change–homelessness nexus. In The Lancet. Vol. 297. Issue 10286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00834-5
[1] Ruff Institute of Global Homelessness. Causes & Intersections. https://ighhub.org/understanding-homelessness/causes-intersections (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Popkin, BM. (1980). Time allocation of the mother and child nutrition. In Ecology of Food and Nutrition. DOI: 10.1080/03670244.1980.9990579
[1] Interview with Lawrence Haddad (GAIN). FIIND Impact Foundation. January 24, 2022.
[1] Jones, R. (2019). Women's empowerment and child nutrition: The role of intrinsic agency. In SSM Population Health. Vol. 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100475
[1] Hossain, S. et al. (2019). Association of faecal pH with childhood stunting: Results from a cross-sectional study. In BMJ Paediatrics Open. DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2019-000549
[1] Coffey, D. et al. (2018). Sanitation, Disease Externalities and Anaemia: Evidence From Nepal. In Economic Journal (London, England). Vol. 128(611). DOI: 10.1111/ecoj.12491
[1] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Enhancing food and nutrition security and agricultural productivity in Southern Africa. https://www.fao.org/3/ca4765en/CA4765EN.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Gomez y Paloma, S. et al. (2020). The Role of Smallholder Farms in Food and Nutrition Security. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42148-9
[1] Lowder, SK. et al. (2016). The Number, Size, and Distribution of Farms, Smallholder Farms, and Family Farms Worldwide. In World Development. Vol. 87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.041
[1] Gomez y Paloma, S. et al. (2020).
[1] Van de Velde, P. et al. (2020). Invisible Farmers: Why recognizing and supporting women farmers is key to food and nutrition security. In World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/invisible-farmers-why-recognizing-and-supporting-women-farmers-key-food-and (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Ibid.
[1] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2021). The state of food and agriculture: making agrifood systems more resilient to shocks and stresses. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4476en
[1] United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN WOMEN). The gender gap in agricultural productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa: causes, costs and solutions. https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Headquarters/Attachments/Sections/Library/Publications/2019/UN-Women-Policy-brief-11-The-gender-gap-in-agricultural-productivity-in-sub-Saharan-Africa-en.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] UNDP–UN Environment Poverty Environment Initiative (PEI). Equally productive? Assessing the gender gap in agricultural productivity in Rwanda. https://africa.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Field%20Office%20Africa/Attachments/Publications/2017/05/Final%20rwanda%20policy%20brief-web%20%28002%29.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] United Nations. Food security and nutrition and sustainable agriculture. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/topics/foodagriculture (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Ibid.
[1] Ibid.
[1] Hotz, C. (2013). Biofortification. In Encyclopedia of Human Nutrition (Third Edition). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375083-9.00025-8
[1] Bouis, HE. (2018). Biofortification: An Agricultural Tool to Address Mineral and Vitamin Deficiencies. In Food Fortification in a Globalised World. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-802861-2.00007-9
[1] Interview with Lawrence Haddad (GAIN). FIIND Impact Foundation. January 24, 2022.
[1] Russell, F. And Azzopardi, P. (2019). WASH: a basic human right and essential intervention for child health and development. In The Lancet. Vol. 7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30078-6
[1] World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Children: improving survival and well-being. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/children-reducing-mortality (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Veneman, AM. Education Is Key to Reducing Child Mortality: The Link Between Maternal Health and Education. https://www.un.org/en/chronicle/article/education-key-reducing-child-mortality-link-between-maternal-health-and-education (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Children: improving survival and well-being. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/children-reducing-mortality (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] UNICEF. (2020). Health Results 2020: Immunisation. https://www.unicef.org/media/102656/file/Health-Results-2020-Immunization.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Balaj, M. et al. (2021). Parental education and inequalities in child mortality: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. In The Lancet. Vol. 398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00534-1
[1] Ibid.
[1] UNESCO. New UNESCO data proves education transforms development. https://en.unesco.org/gem-report/sites/default/files/PR_Ed_transforms_En.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Andriano, L. and Monden, CWS. (2019). The Causal Effect of Maternal Education on Child Mortality: Evidence From a Quasi-Experiment in Malawi and Uganda. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13524-019-00812-3 (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] UNICEF. (2020). Health Results 2020: Child Health. https://www.unicef.org/media/102646/file/Health-Results-2020-Child-Health.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] PwC. (2017). A Guide for Policy Makers: on Reducing Road Fatalities. https://www.pwc.com/m1/en/publications/road-safety/pwc-guide-on-reducing-road-fatalities.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). Mortality among children aged 5-14 years. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mortality-among-children-aged-5-14-years (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF. (2006). World report on child injury prevention. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43851/9789241563574_eng.pdf;jsessionid=FAA0D8AC989961F7305AD20FB85864C6?sequence=1 (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] International Labour Organization (ILO). (2018). Ending child labour by 2025: A review of policies and programmes. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---ipec/documents/publication/wcms_653987.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Ibid.
[1] Edmonds, EV. (Growth and Labour Markets in Low Income Countries Programme). (2016). Economic Growth and Child Labor in Low Income Economies. https://g2lm-lic.iza.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/glmlic_sp003.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Dehejia, RH. and Gatti, R. (2002). Child Labor: The Role of Income Variability and Access to Credit in a Cross Section of Countries. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/716771468764141928/114514322_20041117152031/additional/multi0page.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] International Labour Organization (ILO). (2018).
[1] Cohen, JFW. et al. (2021). Universal School Meals and Associations with Student Participation, Attendance, Academic Performance, Diet Quality, Food Security, and Body Mass Index: A Systematic Review. In Nutrients. Vol. 13. DOI: 10.3390/nu13030911
[1] Ribar, DC. and Haldeman, LA. (2013). Changes in Meal Participation, Attendance, and Test Scores Associated with the Availability of Universal Free School Breakfasts. In Social Service Review. Vol. 87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/671013
[1] International Labour Organization (ILO). (2018).
[1] Ingersoll, RM. (2004). Why Do High-Poverty Schools Have Diffifficulty Staffiffing Their Classrooms with Qualifified Teachers? https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1505&context=gse_pubs (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] The Education Trust. Fact Sheet - Teacher Equity. https://edtrust.org/wp-content/uploads/Ed%20Trust%20Facts%20on%20Teacher%20Equity.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Sass, T. et al. (2010). Value Added of Teachers in High-Poverty Schools and Lower-Poverty Schools. National Center for Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Education Research. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED513819.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Ibid.
[1] Clotfelter, C. et al. (2006). High-poverty schools and the distribution of teachers and principals. In North Carolina Law Review. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1090/185c65c937a7ea929903cfa9866115511df8.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] National Center for Homeless Education. (2017).
[1] Institute for Children, Poverty & Homelessness. (2019).
[1] Stargel, LE. et al. (2022).
[1] Institute for Children, Poverty & Homelessness. (2019).
[1] Thynell, M. (2017). Roads to equal access: the role of transport in transforming mobility. In Transportand Communications Bulletin for Asia and the Pacific. https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/bulletin87_6%20Road%20to%20equal%20access_Thynell.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Li, H. et al. (2019). Highway Access and Human Capital Investments in the Rural Regions of the People’s Republic of China. Asian Development Bank Institute. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/532771/adbi-wp1015.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] World Bank. (2021). Connectivity for Human Capital : Realizing the Right to Education and Healthcare through Improved Public Transport in African Cities. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35185 (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). (2014). Electricity and education: The benefits, barriers, and recommendations for achieving the electrification of primary and secondary schools. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1608Electricity%20and%20Education.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Buyinza, F. and Kapeller, J. (2018). Household Electrification and Education Outcomes: Panel Evidence from Uganda. ICAE Working Paper Series, No. 85. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/193624/1/wp85.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Kulkarni, V.S. and Barnes, D.F. (2017). Education in rural Peru: Exploring the role of household electrification in the school enrolment. In Journal of Research in Rural Education, 32(10), 1-19.
[1] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Human Development Report 2007/2008.
[1] Moore, N. et al. (2020).
[1] Ibid.
[1] Jukes, M. et al. (2002). Nutrition and Education. In Nutrition: A Foundation for Development. https://www.unscn.org/web/archives_resources/files/Brief2_EN.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Black, LI. et al. (2018). Chronic School Absenteeism Among Children With Selected Developmental Disabilities: National Health Interview Survey, 2014–2016. US Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr118.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Shore, SM. et al. (2021). Decreased Scholastic Achievement in Overweight Middle School Students. In Obesity: A Research Journal. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.254
[1] National Planning Commission Central Bureau of Statistics, World Food Program (WFP), World Bank, AusAID and UNICEF. (2013). Nepal Thematic Report on Food Security and Nutrition 2013. https://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/wfp256518.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] World Bank. (2013). Improving Nutrition Through Multisectoral Approaches. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/625661468329649726/pdf/75102-REVISED-PUBLIC-MultisectoralApproachestoNutrition.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Davis, W. et al. (2020). The Effect of Free School Meals on BMI and Student Attendance. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=gpl_workingpapers (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Cohen, JFW. et al. (2021).
[1] Andreyeva, T. And Sun, Xiaohan. (2021). Universal School Meals in the US: What Can We Learn from the Community Eligibility Provision? In Nutrients. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.3390/nu13082634
[1] Schwartz, AE. and Rothbart, MW. (2017). Let Them Eat Lunch: The Impact of Universal Free Meals on Student Performance. Center for Policy Research. 235. https://surface.syr.edu/cpr/235 (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Chard, AN. et al. (2019). Impact of a school-based water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention on school absence, diarrhea, respiratory infection, and soil-transmitted helminths: results from the WASH HELPS cluster-randomized trial. In Journal of Global Health. DOI: 10.7189/jogh.09.020402
[1] Ibid.
[1] Lust-Stover, O. et al. (2016). Globally, periods are causing girls to be absent from school. In World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/globally-periods-are-causing-girls-be-absent-school (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] UNESCO. (2014). Puberty education & menstrual hygiene management. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000226792 (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Lust-Stover, O. et al. (2016).
[1] UNESCO has previously estimated that as many as one in ten girls in sub-Saharan Africa misses school during their menstrual cycle. For more information, refer to: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000226792
[1] Matingwina, T. (2018). Health, Academic Achievement and School-Based Interventions. In B. Bernal-Morales (ed.), Health and Academic Achievement, IntechOpen, London. 10.5772/intechopen.76431. https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/62994 (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Johnson, SB. et al. (2019). Asthma and Attendance in Urban Schools. Prev Chronic Dis 2019;16:190074. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd16.190074
[1] Jackson, SL. et al. (2011). Impact of Poor Oral Health on Children's School Attendance and Performance. In American Journal of Public Health; 101(10):1900-1906. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.200915
[1] Lawrence, D. et al. (2019). Impact of mental disorders on attendance at school. Australian Journal of Education. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0004944118823576
[1] John, A. et al. (2021). Association of school absence and exclusion with recorded neurodevelopmental disorders, mental disorders, or self-harm: a nationwide, retrospective, electronic cohort study of children and young people in Wales, UK. In The Lancet Psychiatry. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00367-9
[1] Allen, CW. et al. (2018). School Absenteeism in Children and Adolescents. In American Family Physician. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/1215/p738.html (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Trinies, Victoria et al. (2016). The Impact of a School-Based Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Program on Absenteeism, Diarrhea, and Respiratory Infection: A Matched-Control Trial in Mali. In The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. Vol. 94(6): 1418-25. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0757
[1] Chang, HN. et al. (2021). Chronic absence patterns and prediction during COVID-19: Insights from Connecticut. Attendance Works. https://www.attendanceworks.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/AAP_policy_statement_chronic_absence_2019_.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] See for example, https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=gansu_papers, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0738059315001145, http://repec.org/res2004/Chevalier.pdf
[1] Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) and Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves. (2015). The state of the global clean and improved cooking sector. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/21878/96499.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves. (2011).
[1] Ibid.
[1] Jeuland, M. and Tan Soo, J. (2016). Analyzing the costs and benefits of clean and improved cooking solutions. https://cleancooking.org/binary-data/ATTACHMENT/file/000/000/355-1.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves. (2011).
[1] Ibid.
[1] UNICEF. (2015). Second Review of Community-Led Total Sanitation in the East Asia and Pacific Region. https://www.unicef.org/eap/media/1141/file/2nd%20Regional%20Review%20of%20Community%20Led%20Total%20Sanitation%20in%20the%20East%20Asia%20&%20Pacific%20Region%20.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Lüthi, C. et al. (2010). Community-based approaches for addressing the urban sanitation challenges. In International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development. Vol. 1:1-2, 49-63, DOI: 10.1080/19463131003654764
[1] Tilley, E. et al. (2014). Looking beyond Technology: An Integrated Approach to Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Low Income Countries. In Environmental Science and Technology. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/es501645d
[1] Keller, S. Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS). Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management (SSWM). https://sswm.info/humanitarian-crises/urban-settings/hygiene-promotion-community-mobilisation/important/community-led-total-sanitation-%28clts%29 (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Water and Sanitation Program (WSP). (2010). A Decade of the Total Sanitation Campaign: Rapid Assessment of Processes and Outcomes. https://sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/WSP%202011%20A%20Decade%20of%20the%20Total%20Sanitation%20Campaign.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Bartram, J. et al. (2012). Commentary on community-led total sanitation and human rights: should the right to community-wide health be won at the cost of individual rights? In Journal of Water & Health. Vol 10(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2012.205
[1] World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Rainwater collection and storage. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/wash-documents/sanitary-inspection-packages/2-tfs-rainwater-collection-storage-d.pdf?sfvrsn=8dfb1bf8_6 (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Stauffer, B. and Spuhler, D. Safe Storage. Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management (SSWM). https://sswm.info/sswm-solutions-bop-markets/affordable-wash-services-and-products/affordable-water-supply/safe-storage (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Septic Systems and Drinking Water. https://www.epa.gov/septic/septic-systems-and-drinking-water (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Water.org. A Women’s Crisis. https://water.org/our-impact/water-crisis/womens-crisis/ (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Unilever Domestos, WaterAid and the Water Supply & Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC). (2013). We Can’t Wait: A Report on Sanitation and Hygiene for Women and Girls. https://washmatters.wateraid.org/sites/g/files/jkxoof256/files/we%20cant%20wait.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Women and girls face greater risk of sexual and physical harassment when forced to use unsafely located toilets or defecate in open fields. “Sanitation-related” rapes comprised almost half of over 870 rape cases in the Indian state of Bihar in 2021. For more information, refer to: https://washmatters.wateraid.org/sites/g/files/jkxoof256/files/female-friendly-public-and-community-toilets-a-guide.pdf
[1]WaterAid, Water & Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP) and UNICEF. (2018). Female-friendly public and community toilets: a guide for planners and decision makers. https://washmatters.wateraid.org/sites/g/files/jkxoof256/files/female-friendly-public-and-community-toilets-a-guide.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Tilley, E. et al. (2014).
[1] World Vision. Business Development and Microfinance. https://www.wvi.org/clean-water-sanitation-and-hygiene-wash/business-development-and-microfinance (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Achenbach, M. (2020). Small business and WASH in the age of coronavirus. https://www.ircwash.org/blog/small-business-and-wash-age-coronavirus-case (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] World Vision. Business Development and Microfinance.
[1] World Resources Institute. (2018). Lack of Reliable and Affordable Water a Hidden Threat for Urban Households of the Global South. https://www.wri.org/news/release-lack-reliable-and-affordable-water-hidden-threat-urban-households-global-south (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] WaterAid. (2011). Sanitation and water for poor urban communities: a manifesto.
[1] WaterAid. (2011).
[1] United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Global Wastewater Initiative (GW2I). https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/oceans-seas/what-we-do/addressing-land-based-pollution/global-wastewater-initiative?_ga=2.100602078.1916022828.1646650203-846355843.1638111782 (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme. (2017). The United Nations world water development report, 2017: Wastewater: an untapped resource. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000247552 (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Tilley, E. et al. (2014).
[1] Ibid.
[1] Wageningen University. Recovering nutrients from wastewater. https://www.wur.nl/en/show/Recovering-nutrients-from-waste-water.htm (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Wang, B. et al. (2021). Returning excrement from livestock, poultry, and humans to farmland as nutrient resources for crop growth: Assessment of rural China. In Process Safety and Environmental Protection. Vol. 146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2020.09.001
[1] Amin, N. et al. (2017). Human waste: An underestimated source of nutrient pollution in coastal seas of Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. In Marine Pollution Bulletin. Vol. 118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.045
[1] World Bank. High and Dry: Climate Change, Water, and the Economy. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/water/publication/high-and-dry-climate-change-water-and-the-economy (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). (2019). Off-grid renewable energy solutions to expand electricity access: An opportunity not to be missed. https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Jan/IRENA_Off-grid_RE_Access_2019.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). (2019). Mini Grids for Half a Billion People: Market Outlook and Handbook for Decision Makers. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/31926/Mini-Grids-for-Half-a-Billion-People-Market-Outlook-and-Handbook-for-Decision-Makers-Executive-Summary.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Ibid.
[1] World Bank. (2018).
[1] Moore, N. et al. (2020).
[1] World Bank. (2018). World Bank Group Commits $1 Billion for Battery Storage to Ramp Up Renewable Energy Globally. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2018/09/26/world-bank-group-commits-1-billion-for-battery-storage-to-ramp-up-renewable-energy-globally (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Ibid.
[1] Peters, J. and Sievert, M. (2015). On-grid and Off-grid Rural Electrification – Impacts and Cost Considerations Revisited. In Revue d’Économie du Developpement. Vol. 23(3). DOI: 10.3917/edd.293.0085
[1] UK Aid. (2020). Performance and Efficiency of Off-Grid Appliances with Power Converters. https://storage.googleapis.com/e4a-website-assets/Performance-and-efficiency-of-off-grid-appliances-with-power-converters-phase-1-report_final.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Moore, N. et al. (2020).
[1] World Bank. (2018).
[1] Tonkonogy, B. et al. (2018). Blended Finance in Clean Energy: Experiences and Opportunities. Climate Policy Initiative. https://climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Blended-Finance-in-Clean-Energy-Experiences-and-Opportunities.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Omar, A. and Inaba, K. (2020) Does financial inclusion reduce poverty and income inequality in developing countries? A panel data analysis. In Journal of Economic Structures. Vol. 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-020-00214-4
[1] Ibid.
[1] Akotey, JO. and Adjasi, C. (2014). The Impact of Microinsurance on Household Asset Accumulation in Ghana: An Asset Index Approach. In The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, Issues and Practice. Vol. 39. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24736708 (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] World Bank. (2019). In Fighting Poverty, Cash Transfer Programs Should Be Wary of Negative Spillovers. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2019/12/27/cash-transfer-programs-should-be-wary-of-negative-spillovers (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] CCT has been associated with negative spillovers for non-beneficiaries in geographically remote areas where a large number of households qualified for cash transfers. For more information, refer to: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3150090
[1] United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). Employment and Decent Work. https://www.un.org/development/desa/socialperspectiveondevelopment/issues/employment-and-decent-work.html (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Ibid.
[1] International Labour Organization (ILO). (2012). Understanding deficits of productive employment and setting targets: A methodological guide. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_177149.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] World Bank. (2021). What is learning poverty? https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/education/brief/what-is-learning-poverty (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Ibid.
[1] Van der Berg, S. (UNESCO). (2008). Poverty and education. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000181754 (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Tinson, A. (2020). Living in poverty was bad for your health before COVID-19. The Health Foundation. https://www.health.org.uk/sites/default/files/2020-07/Living%20in%20poverty%20was%20bad%20for%20your%20health%20before%20COVID-19.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Health Affairs. (2018). Health, Income, & Poverty: Where We Are & What Could Help. https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hpb20180817.901935/full/HPB_2017_RWJF_05_W.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Berki, SE. (1986). A Look at Catastrophic Medical Expenses and the Poor. In Health Affairs. Vol. 5(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.5.4.138
[1] World Health Organization (WHO). (2017). World Bank and WHO: Half the world lacks access to essential health services, 100 million still pushed into extreme poverty because of health expenses. https://www.who.int/news/item/13-12-2017-world-bank-and-who-half-the-world-lacks-access-to-essential-health-services-100-million-still-pushed-into-extreme-poverty-because-of-health-expenses (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Bridge, AB. et al. (2016). Electricity, income, and quality of life. In The Social Science Journal. Vol. 53(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2014.12.009
[1] Indrawati, SM. (2015). What you need to know about energy and poverty. In World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/what-you-need-know-about-energy-and-poverty (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Ibid.
[1] Balasuriya, L. et al. (2020). The Never-Ending Loop: Homelessness, Psychiatric Disorder, and Mortality. In Psychiatric Times. Vol. 37. https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/never-ending-loop-homelessness-psychiatric-disorder-and-mortality (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Martens, WH. (2001). A review of physical and mental health in homeless persons. In Public Health Reviews. Vol. 29(1). PMID: 11780714
[1] Ruff Institute of Global Homelessness. Mental Health Promotion. https://ighhub.org/solutions/program-models/mental-health-promotion (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] National Alliance to End Homelessness. (2016). Housing First. https://endhomelessness.org/resource/housing-first/ (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Canadian Observatory on Homelessness. Housing First. https://www.homelesshub.ca/solutions/housing-accommodation-and-supports/housing-first (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Ruff Institute of Global Homelessness. Housing First. https://ighhub.org/solutions/housing-supports/housing-first (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Shelter. What is social housing? https://england.shelter.org.uk/support_us/campaigns/what_is_social_housing (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] Hallegatte, S. and Walsh, B. (2020). COVID, climate change and poverty: Avoiding the worst impacts. In World Bank Blogs. https://blogs.worldbank.org/climatechange/covid-climate-change-and-poverty-avoiding-worst-impacts (Accessed: April 15, 2022)
[1] African Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, Department for International Development (United Kingdom), Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Germany), Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Development Cooperation (The Netherlands), United Nations Development Program (UNDP), and World Bank. (2002). Poverty and climate change: reducing the vulnerability of the poor through adaptation. https://www.oecd.org/env/cc/2502872.pdf (Accessed: April 15, 2022)